Eritrea's political landscape has remained unchanged since the country's independence in 1993. The People's Front for Democracy and Justice, or PFDJ, is the only legal political party permitted to operate in the nation, and President Isaias Afwerki, who has led the country since independence, serves as both head of state and head of government. No national elections have been held in Eritrea since 1993, and Isaias has shown no willingness to permit competitive elections or any fundamental change to the country's political structure.
The government operates through a small circle of close advisers drawn from the PFDJ leadership, including Hagos "Kisha" Gebrehiwot, who oversees the party's financial affairs, and Yemane Gebremeskel, the minister of information.
Eritrea's governing strategy has centered on national security and self-reliance. In pursuit of these goals, the government has consolidated power in the executive branch, suspended the country's constitution, and curtailed civil liberties. The National Assembly has been suspended, mandatory national service has been extended indefinitely, and electoral processes have been repeatedly postponed. The government has also detained individuals without legal recourse on treason-related charges, according to assessments of the country's governance.
Economically, Eritrea faces significant hardship. The country's economy remains weak, with chronic electricity blackouts and persistent shortages of fuel and drinking water. Economic activity is controlled by the PFDJ and the military. Reporting has documented that high-ranking military officers have been involved in smuggling and human trafficking of Eritreans attempting to leave the country.
Relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia have shifted considerably in recent years. President Isaias and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed once maintained closer ties, forged during their wartime alliance against the TPLF, but as of early 2025, relations had cooled significantly. No trade agreements exist between the two countries.
For readers following developments in the Horn of Africa, understanding Eritrea's one-party political system, its economic challenges, and its cooled relationship with Ethiopia provides important context for the region's current tensions.
